Statistical quantification of voltage violations in distribution networks penetrated by small wind turbines and battery electric vehicles

Voltage violation tends to be one of the dominant constraints or critical factors that limit the penetration of small wind turbines (SWTs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in distribution networks. To quantify the voltage violation, a statistical time series based approach is developed in this paper. The daily time varying characteristics of electric loads, wind speeds and BEV charging loads have been taken into consideration in a statistical manner. The method has been compared with the conventional time series approach. It is proven that the proposed methodology, whilst providing a global picture on voltage violations, can potentially be used for fast evaluation of the probability of a voltage violation occurring in a network.