Graft dysfunction in compassionate use of genetically engineered pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation: a case report

Muhammad M Mohiuddin*, Avneesh K. Singh, Linda Scobie, Corbin E. Goerlich,, Alison Grazioli, Kapil Saharia, Claire Crossan, Allen Burke, Cinthia Drachenberg, Cihan Oguz, Tianshu Zhang, Billeta Lewis, Alena Hershfeld, Faith Sentz, Ivan Tatarov, Sarah Mudd, Gheorghe Braileanu, Kathryn Rice, John F. Paolini, Kent BondensgaardTodd Vaught, Kasinath Kuravi, Lori Sorrells,, Amy Dandro, David Ayares, Christine Lau, Bartley P. Griffith

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

67 Citations (Scopus)
444 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A genetically engineered pig cardiac xenotransplantation was done on Jan 7, 2022, in a non-ambulatory male patient, aged 57 years, with end-stage heart failure, and on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, who was ineligible for an allograft. This report details our current understanding of factors important to the xenotransplantation outcome.

METHODS: Physiological and biochemical parameters critical for the care of all heart transplant recipients were collected in extensive clinical monitoring in an intensive care unit. To ascertain the cause of xenograft dysfunction, we did extensive immunological and histopathological studies, including electron microscopy and quantification of porcine cytomegalovirus or porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV) in the xenograft, recipient cells, and tissue by DNA PCR and RNA transcription. We performed intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) binding to donor cells and single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

FINDINGS: After successful xenotransplantation, the graft functioned well on echocardiography and sustained cardiovascular and other organ systems functions until postoperative day 47 when diastolic heart failure occurred. At postoperative day 50, the endomyocardial biopsy revealed damaged capillaries with interstitial oedema, red cell extravasation, rare thrombotic microangiopathy, and complement deposition. Increased anti-pig xenoantibodies, mainly IgG, were detected after IVIG administration for hypogammaglobulinaemia and during the first plasma exchange. Endomyocardial biopsy on postoperative day 56 showed fibrotic changes consistent with progressive myocardial stiffness. Microbial cell-free DNA testing indicated increasing titres of PCMV/PRV cell-free DNA. Post-mortem single-cell RNA sequencing showed overlapping causes.

INTERPRETATION: Hyperacute rejection was avoided. We identified potential mediators of the observed endothelial injury. First, widespread endothelial injury indicates antibody-mediated rejection. Second, IVIG bound strongly to donor endothelium, possibly causing immune activation. Finally, reactivation and replication of latent PCMV/PRV in the xenograft possibly initiated a damaging inflammatory response. The findings point to specific measures to improve xenotransplant outcomes in the future.

FUNDING: The University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the University of Maryland Medical Center.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)397-410
Number of pages14
JournalThe Lancet
Volume402
Issue number10399
Early online date29 Jun 2023
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 29 Jul 2023

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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