Examining mental health correlates of hate-motivated behaviour in Scotland: an investigation of victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators

Kirsten Russell; Simon C. Hunter; Abigail Post; Susan Rasmussen; Robert J. Cramer

doi:10.1177/00207640241262732

Examining mental health correlates of hate-motivated behaviour in Scotland: an investigation of victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators

Kirsten Russell^*, Simon C. Hunter, Abigail Post, Susan Rasmussen, Robert J. Cramer

^*Corresponding author for this work

Psychology

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Abstract

Background: Hate-motivated behaviour (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with wide-ranging consequences.
Aims: The current study aimed to examine the mental health correlates of HMB perpetration, victimisation and co-occurring victimisation/perpetration.
Methods: Participants (n= 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimisation), positive mental wellbeing and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Results: HMB victimisation was associated with lower positive mental wellbeing and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, neither HMB perpetration nor co-occurring perpetration/victimisation were associated with any of the three mental health outcome measures. Conclusion: Experiencing HMB as a victim is linked to increased psychological distress. Additional research, which focuses on sampling populations who are known to be at greater risk for involvement in HMB, is needed to fully understand the impact of the victim-offender overlap on mental health outcomes.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1341-1345
Number of pages	5
Journal	International Journal of Social Psychiatry
Volume	70
Issue number	7
Early online date	24 Jun 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640241262732
Publication status	Published - Nov 2024

Keywords

hate crimes
microaggressions
mental health
Hate crimes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Psychiatry and Mental health

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1177/00207640241262732

Final published versionFinal published version, 173 KBLicence: CC BY

1 Article

An examination of hate-motivated behavior among adults in Scotland and associations with risk factors for self-directed violence
Russell, K., Hunter, S. C., Rasmussen, S., Quirke, A. & Cramer, R. J., 20 Sept 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 25 p.
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title = "Examining mental health correlates of hate-motivated behaviour in Scotland: an investigation of victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators",

abstract = "Background: Hate-motivated behaviour (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with wide-ranging consequences.Aims: The current study aimed to examine the mental health correlates of HMB perpetration, victimisation and co-occurring victimisation/perpetration.Methods: Participants (n= 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimisation), positive mental wellbeing and symptoms of depression and anxiety.Results: HMB victimisation was associated with lower positive mental wellbeing and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, neither HMB perpetration nor co-occurring perpetration/victimisation were associated with any of the three mental health outcome measures. Conclusion: Experiencing HMB as a victim is linked to increased psychological distress. Additional research, which focuses on sampling populations who are known to be at greater risk for involvement in HMB, is needed to fully understand the impact of the victim-offender overlap on mental health outcomes.",

keywords = "hate crimes, microaggressions, mental health, Hate crimes",

author = "Kirsten Russell and Hunter, {Simon C.} and Abigail Post and Susan Rasmussen and Cramer, {Robert J.}",

year = "2024",

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doi = "10.1177/00207640241262732",

language = "English",

volume = "70",

pages = "1341--1345",

journal = " International Journal of Social Psychiatry",

issn = "0020-7640",

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AU - Russell, Kirsten

AU - Hunter, Simon C.

AU - Post, Abigail

AU - Rasmussen, Susan

AU - Cramer, Robert J.

PY - 2024/11

Y1 - 2024/11

N2 - Background: Hate-motivated behaviour (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with wide-ranging consequences.Aims: The current study aimed to examine the mental health correlates of HMB perpetration, victimisation and co-occurring victimisation/perpetration.Methods: Participants (n= 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimisation), positive mental wellbeing and symptoms of depression and anxiety.Results: HMB victimisation was associated with lower positive mental wellbeing and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, neither HMB perpetration nor co-occurring perpetration/victimisation were associated with any of the three mental health outcome measures. Conclusion: Experiencing HMB as a victim is linked to increased psychological distress. Additional research, which focuses on sampling populations who are known to be at greater risk for involvement in HMB, is needed to fully understand the impact of the victim-offender overlap on mental health outcomes.

AB - Background: Hate-motivated behaviour (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with wide-ranging consequences.Aims: The current study aimed to examine the mental health correlates of HMB perpetration, victimisation and co-occurring victimisation/perpetration.Methods: Participants (n= 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimisation), positive mental wellbeing and symptoms of depression and anxiety.Results: HMB victimisation was associated with lower positive mental wellbeing and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, neither HMB perpetration nor co-occurring perpetration/victimisation were associated with any of the three mental health outcome measures. Conclusion: Experiencing HMB as a victim is linked to increased psychological distress. Additional research, which focuses on sampling populations who are known to be at greater risk for involvement in HMB, is needed to fully understand the impact of the victim-offender overlap on mental health outcomes.

KW - hate crimes

KW - microaggressions

KW - mental health

KW - Hate crimes

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SN - 0020-7640

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ER -

Examining mental health correlates of hate-motivated behaviour in Scotland: an investigation of victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

Documents and Links

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Research output

An examination of hate-motivated behavior among adults in Scotland and associations with risk factors for self-directed violence

Cite this