TY - JOUR
T1 - Diurnal variation on tear stability and correlation with tear cytokine concentration
AU - Arroyo, Cristina Arroyo del
AU - Byambajav, Mungunshur
AU - Fernández, Itziar
AU - Martin, Eilidh
AU - González-García, María Jesús
AU - López-Miguel, Alberto
AU - Valencia-Nieto, Laura
AU - Hagan, Suzanne
AU - Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Amalia
N1 - Funding Information:
Cristina Arroyo-del Arroyo was supported by the University of Valladolid predoctoral program “Convocatoria 2015 de contratos predoctorales de la Universidad de Valladolid”. This research received no specific grant from the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Purpose: To investigate the effect of time of day on tear evaporation rate (TER) and tear break-up time, and its possible relationship with the concentration of inflammatory tear molecules (cytokines) in healthy subjects.Methods: Participants with healthy ocular surfaces attended 3 visits, including the screening visit (V0), the 2nd visit (V1) and the 3rd visit (V2). There were 7-day intervals between visits. Participants with Dry Eye Disease (DED) were excluded by using appropriate clinical tests during V0. Clinical evaluation (TER and Non-Invasive Tear Break-Up Time (NITBUT)) and tear collection were performed during V1 and V2, between 9 and 10AM and 3-4PM. The relative humidity and temperature of the examination room were also measured. The tear fluid concentrations of 15 cytokines were measured by multiplex bead analysis.Results: Seven men and 10 women (mean age ± S.D; 25.1 ± 6.63 years old) participated in the study. There were no differences in neither the TER and NITBUT outcomes, nor humidity and temperature among times or visits. Eleven out of the 15 cytokines measured were detectable in tear fluids in > 50% of the participants. In the tear levels, no significant (p > 0.05) inter- and/or intra-day differences were detected for EGF, fractalkine, IL-1RA, IL-1β and IP-10. However, significant inter-day differences were found in the tear levels of IL-10 (p = 0.027), IFN-γ (p = 0.035) and TNF-α(p = 0.04) and intra-day differences in the tear levels of IL-8/CXCL8 (p = 0.034) and MCP-1 (p = 0.002). A significant correlation between TER and IL1-β, IL-2, and Fractalkine (p = 0.03, p = 0.03 and p = 0.046, respectively) was found at V1.Conclusions: NITBUT and TER values had no significant variability over the course of a day (AM versus PM), or on different days in healthy participants when humidity and temperature were constant. However, some tear molecule levels did show inter- and intra-day variability, having an inconsistent and moderate correlation with TER diurnal variation.
AB - Purpose: To investigate the effect of time of day on tear evaporation rate (TER) and tear break-up time, and its possible relationship with the concentration of inflammatory tear molecules (cytokines) in healthy subjects.Methods: Participants with healthy ocular surfaces attended 3 visits, including the screening visit (V0), the 2nd visit (V1) and the 3rd visit (V2). There were 7-day intervals between visits. Participants with Dry Eye Disease (DED) were excluded by using appropriate clinical tests during V0. Clinical evaluation (TER and Non-Invasive Tear Break-Up Time (NITBUT)) and tear collection were performed during V1 and V2, between 9 and 10AM and 3-4PM. The relative humidity and temperature of the examination room were also measured. The tear fluid concentrations of 15 cytokines were measured by multiplex bead analysis.Results: Seven men and 10 women (mean age ± S.D; 25.1 ± 6.63 years old) participated in the study. There were no differences in neither the TER and NITBUT outcomes, nor humidity and temperature among times or visits. Eleven out of the 15 cytokines measured were detectable in tear fluids in > 50% of the participants. In the tear levels, no significant (p > 0.05) inter- and/or intra-day differences were detected for EGF, fractalkine, IL-1RA, IL-1β and IP-10. However, significant inter-day differences were found in the tear levels of IL-10 (p = 0.027), IFN-γ (p = 0.035) and TNF-α(p = 0.04) and intra-day differences in the tear levels of IL-8/CXCL8 (p = 0.034) and MCP-1 (p = 0.002). A significant correlation between TER and IL1-β, IL-2, and Fractalkine (p = 0.03, p = 0.03 and p = 0.046, respectively) was found at V1.Conclusions: NITBUT and TER values had no significant variability over the course of a day (AM versus PM), or on different days in healthy participants when humidity and temperature were constant. However, some tear molecule levels did show inter- and intra-day variability, having an inconsistent and moderate correlation with TER diurnal variation.
KW - Tear evaporation rate
KW - Tear stability
KW - Cytokines
KW - Intra-day variation
KW - Inter-day variation
U2 - 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101705
DO - 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101705
M3 - Article
C2 - 35562228
AN - SCOPUS:85130352509
SN - 1367-0484
VL - 45
JO - Contact Lens and Anterior Eye
JF - Contact Lens and Anterior Eye
IS - 6
M1 - 101705
ER -